Full answer
First-time applicants must apply in person — you cannot apply for your first US passport by mail. Find an acceptance facility at travel.state.gov (most post offices accept applications). Download and complete Form DS-11 in advance but do not sign it until you're at the counter.
You'll need proof of US citizenship (original birth certificate or naturalization certificate), a government-issued photo ID (driver's license or state ID), a passport photo (2"×2", taken within 6 months), and the application fee. Fees are currently $130 for the book, plus a $35 execution fee paid to the acceptance facility.
Standard processing takes 6–8 weeks. Expedited service ($60 extra) takes 2–3 weeks. For true emergencies, appointment-only passport agencies in major cities can process same-day or next-day. Check travel.state.gov for current fees and wait times as these change frequently.
Passport photos are the #1 reason applications get rejected. Requirements are strict: 2×2 inches, plain white background, no glasses, neutral expression, head centered, taken within the past 6 months. CVS and Walgreens both do compliant passport photos in-store for about $15. The State Department has a free online photo checker.
For urgent travel within 14 days, skip the post office entirely — you need a regional passport agency appointment. There are 26 agencies across the US; find and book at travel.state.gov. Bring proof of imminent travel (airline reservation showing departure date).