Full answer
The Social Security Administration (SSA) offers three main benefit types: retirement (starting as early as 62), disability (SSDI), and survivor benefits. The application process differs slightly for each, but all begin at ssa.gov or by calling 1-800-772-1213.
For retirement benefits, gather your Social Security number, birth certificate, W-2 forms or self-employment tax returns for the past year, and bank account details for direct deposit. The online application at ssa.gov/retire takes about 15–30 minutes to complete.
You can apply for retirement benefits up to 4 months before your desired start date. Filing at 62 gives you benefits sooner but permanently reduces your monthly amount. Waiting until your full retirement age (66–67 depending on birth year) or age 70 increases your benefit significantly.
For disability benefits (SSDI), the process is more involved — SSA evaluates your medical records, work history, and ability to perform any job. Processing typically takes 3–6 months; many initial applications are denied and require appeal. This is general information, not legal advice.