Full answer
When you delete a file and empty the Recycle Bin, the file isn't immediately overwritten — Windows or macOS simply marks that disk space as "available" and removes the directory entry. Until something new is written to that spot, recovery is often possible. Speed matters: the more you use your computer after deletion, the higher the chance new data overwrites the old file.
On Windows, right-click the Recycle Bin and choose Open. If your file is there, right-click it and hit Restore. If you've emptied it, Windows also keeps file history through the "Previous Versions" feature — right-click the folder the file was in, select Properties, and check the Previous Versions tab. This only works if you have a backup or restore point configured.
For deeper recovery after an emptied bin, Recuva (free, Windows) from Piriform is the most trusted consumer tool. Download and install it, run a deep scan on the target drive, and filter by file type. The green/amber/red indicators show how likely each file is to be fully recovered. On Mac, Disk Drill offers a similar free scan with a recovery limit before requiring payment.
If the file was on a cloud-synced folder like OneDrive, Google Drive, or iCloud, check the cloud service's own trash or version history — these services keep deleted files for 30 days by default and some retain versions for up to 180 days depending on your plan tier.
To maximize future recovery chances, enable Windows File History (Settings → Update & Security → Backup) or Time Machine on Mac. Regular backups are the only reliable guarantee — recovery tools work on luck and timing.